Garlicky Great Northern Beans and Broccoli Rabe over Toast

Name: Garlicky Great Northern Beans and Broccoli Rabe over Toast
Ingredients: 2 cups dried great Northern beans (may substitute navy, cannellini, or other white beans), soaked overnight and drained; Water; 1 onion, studded with 12 whole cloves; 2 large carrots; 1 (3 by 5-inch) strip kombu (dried seaweed); 3 bay leaves; 3 tablespoons extra-virgin olive oil; 1 large bunch of broccoli rabe, cut into 1-inch pieces; 6 garlic cloves, finely chopped; 1 teaspoon kosher salt, plus more to taste; 1/4 teaspoon freshly ground black pepper; 6 thick slices rustic sourdough bread, lightly toasted; 1 tablespoon chile oil (optional); 1/4 cup vegan or traditional Parmesan, grated or shaved